What is network protocol?

A network protocol is fundamentally a set of rules and conventions that determine how data is transmitted and received over a network. It governs the procedures for data transmission, ensuring that devices can communicate effectively and understand each other. This includes specifying how messages are formatted, transmitted, and recognized at the receiving end. The use of protocols is essential for enabling interoperability among different devices and systems, thereby facilitating smooth interaction and communication over networks, such as the internet.

The other options, while related to technology, do not accurately capture the essence of a network protocol. For example, data encryption is a security measure, network hardware refers to physical devices that connect computers within a network, and methods for storing data pertain to data management and architecture rather than communication rules. Thus, the defining characteristic of a network protocol is its role as a comprehensive framework for data transfer rules and standards.