What characterizes alternating current (AC) flow?

Alternating current (AC) is characterized by its ability to change direction constantly. Unlike direct current (DC), which flows steadily in one direction, AC periodically reverses its direction of flow. This is due to the way AC is generated, often from power plants that use electromagnetic induction, leading to a sinusoidal wave pattern. The frequency of this change is measured in hertz (Hz), indicating how many cycles occur per second.

This characteristic allows AC to be transmitted over long distances more efficiently, making it the preferred form of electricity for residential and commercial power distribution. The ability to change direction also facilitates the use of transformers, which can step up or step down voltage levels as needed, enhancing the electric grid's versatility.