Copper cables communicate _____________data across wires by _________________.

Copper cables communicate binary data across wires by changing the voltage between two ranges. In digital communications, binary data is represented in a series of ones and zeros, which can be effectively transmitted over copper cables. The method of changing voltage between two specific levels allows the receiving equipment to interpret these signal variations as binary values, effectively encoding the data for transmission.

This approach is fundamental in networking and telecommunications where copper wires, such as twisted pair cables (e.g., Ethernet cables), are used extensively. Each voltage level corresponds to a specific bit value, ensuring that data can be reliably sent and received.

The focus on binary data is critical here; while other forms of data exist, digital systems and networks fundamentally operate on binary representations. This makes voltage change a suitable and efficient method for communicating data in modern digital networks.